The Gerontologist, Vol 35, Issue 6 771-791, Copyright © 1995 by The Gerontological Society of America

REVIEWS

Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: prevalence, correlates, and causes

R Schulz, AT O'Brien, J Bookwala and K Fleissner
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.

The dementia caregiving literature is reviewed with the goals of (a) assessing the prevalence and magnitude of psychiatric and physical morbidity effects among caregivers, (b) identifying individual and contextual correlates of reported health effects and their underlying causes, and (c) examining the policy relevance of observed findings. Virtually all studies report elevated levels of depressive symptomatology among caregivers, and those using diagnostic interviews report high rates of clinical depression and anxiety. The evidence is more equivocal and generally weaker for the association between caregiving and physical morbidity, such as self-rated health, number of illnesses, symptomatology, health care utilization, preventive health behaviors, and cardiovascular functioning. Across studies, psychiatric morbidity in caregivers was linked to patient problem behaviors, income, self-rated health, perceived stress, and life satisfaction. Physical morbidity was associated with patient problem behaviors and cognitive impairment, and with caregiver depression, anxiety, and perceived social support. Possible causes of reported effects and policy implications are discussed.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Dang, N. Remon, J. Harris, J. Malphurs, L. Sandals, A. L. Cabrera, and N. Nedd Care coordination assisted by technology for multiethnic caregivers of persons with dementia: a pilot clinical demonstration project on caregiver burden and depression J Telemed Telecare, December 1, 2008; 14(8): 443 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Spillers, D. K. Wellisch, Y. Kim, B. A. Matthews, and F. Baker Family Caregivers and Guilt in the Context of Cancer Care Psychosomatics, November 1, 2008; 49(6): 511 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Jalbert, L. A. Daiello, and K. L. Lapane Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Epidemiol. Rev., November 1, 2008; 30(1): 15 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. E. Goldstein, A. L. Back, and R. S. Morrison Titrating Guidance: A Model to Guide Physicians in Assisting Patients and Family Members Who Are Facing Complex Decisions Arch Intern Med, September 8, 2008; 168(16): 1733 - 1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Betts Adams, M. J. McClendon, and K. A. Smyth Personal losses and relationship quality in dementia caregiving Dementia, August 1, 2008; 7(3): 301 - 319. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. J. Yaffe, P. Orzeck, and L. Barylak Family physicians' perspectives on care of dementia patients and family caregivers Can Fam Physician, July 1, 2008; 54(7): 1008 - 1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. L. Sultzer, S. M. Davis, P. N. Tariot, K. S. Dagerman, B. D. Lebowitz, C. G. Lyketsos, R. A. Rosenheck, J. K. Hsiao, J. A. Lieberman, L. S. Schneider, et al. Clinical Symptom Responses to Atypical Antipsychotic Medications in Alzheimer's Disease: Phase 1 Outcomes From the CATIE-AD Effectiveness Trial Am J Psychiatry, July 1, 2008; 165(7): 844 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Farran, B. A. Staffileno, D. W. Gilley, J. J. McCann, Yan Li, C. M. Castro, and A. C. King A Lifestyle Physical Activity Intervention for Caregivers of Persons With Alzheimer's Disease American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, May 1, 2008; 23(2): 132 - 142. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. F. Marks, J. D. Lambert, H. Jun, and Jieun Song Psychosocial Moderators of the Effects of Transitioning Into Filial Caregiving on Mental and Physical Health Research on Aging, May 1, 2008; 30(3): 358 - 389. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. E. Goldstein, E. Genden, and R. S. Morrison Palliative Care for Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: "I Would Like a Quick Return to a Normal Lifestyle" JAMA, April 16, 2008; 299(15): 1818 - 1825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sims-Gould, A. Martin-Matthews, and M. A. M. Gignac Episodic Crises in the Provision of Care to Elderly Relatives Journal of Applied Gerontology, April 1, 2008; 27(2): 123 - 140. [Abstract] [PDF]

				F. M. Blyth, R. G. Cumming, A. J. M. Brnabic, and M. J. Cousins Caregiving in the Presence of Chronic Pain J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2008; 63(4): 399 - 407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Caselli and R. Yaari Medical Management of Frontotemporal Dementia American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, January 1, 2008; 22(6): 489 - 498. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Aschbacher, R. von Kanel, P. J. Mills, S. Hong, S. K. Roepke, B. T. Mausbach, T. L. Patterson, M. G. Ziegler, J. E. Dimsdale, S. Ancoli-Israel, et al. Combination of Caregiving Stress and Hormone Replacement Therapy is Associated With Prolonged Platelet Activation to Acute Stress Among Postmenopausal Women Psychosom Med, November 1, 2007; 69(9): 910 - 917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. T. Mausbach, R. von Kanel, K. Aschbacher, S. K. Roepke, J. E. Dimsdale, M. G. Ziegler, P. J. Mills, T. L. Patterson, S. Ancoli-Israel, and I. Grant Spousal Caregivers of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Show Longitudinal Increases in Plasma Level of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Antigen Psychosom Med, October 1, 2007; 69(8): 816 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-F. Y. Lu, M. G. Austrom, S. M. Perkins, T. Bakas, M. R. Farlow, Feng He, Shelia Jin, and A. Gamst Depressed Mood in Informal Caregivers of Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, September 1, 2007; 22(4): 273 - 285. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P. Lea Steadman, G. Tremont, and J. Duncan Davis Premorbid Relationship Satisfaction and Caregiver Burden in Dementia Caregivers J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2007; 20(2): 115 - 119. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Pirzada Sattar, P. R. Padala, D. McArthur-Miller, W. H. Roccaforte, S. P. Wengel, and W. J. Burke Impact of Problem Alcohol Use on Patient Behavior and Caregiver Burden in a Geriatric Assessment Clinic J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2007; 20(2): 120 - 127. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. H. Brummett, A. D. Krystal, I. C. Siegler, C. Kuhn, R. S. Surwit, S. Zuchner, A. Ashley-Koch, J. C. Barefoot, and R. B. Williams Associations of a Regulatory Polymorphism of Monoamine Oxidase-A Gene Promoter (MAOA-uVNTR) With Symptoms of Depression and Sleep Quality Psychosom Med, June 1, 2007; 69(5): 396 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. W. Sherman and P. Boss Spousal dementia caregiving in the context of late-life remarriage Dementia, May 1, 2007; 6(2): 245 - 270. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Gupta The Perceived Caregiver Burden Scale for Caregivers of Elderly People in India Journal of Applied Gerontology, April 1, 2007; 26(2): 120 - 138. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Lopez, M. Crespo, and S. H. Zarit Assessment of the Efficacy of a Stress Management Program for Informal Caregivers of Dependent Older Adults Gerontologist, April 1, 2007; 47(2): 205 - 214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Pinquart and S. Sorensen Correlates of Physical Health of Informal Caregivers: A Meta-Analysis J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., March 1, 2007; 62(2): P126 - P137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Smyth, J. H. Rose, M. J. McClendon, and M. A. Lambrix Relationships Among Caregivers' Demographic Characteristics, Social Support Ratings, and Expectations of Computer-Mediated Support Groups Journal of Applied Gerontology, February 1, 2007; 26(1): 58 - 77. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Hannum Rose, K. F. Bowman, E. E. O'Toole, K. Abbott, T. E. Love, C. Thomas, and N. V. Dawson Caregiver Objective Burden and Assessments of Patient-Centered, Family-Focused Care for Frail Elderly Veterans Gerontologist, February 1, 2007; 47(1): 21 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Davis and G. Tremont Impact of Frontal Systems Behavioral Functioning in Dementia on Caregiver Burden J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, February 1, 2007; 19(1): 43 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. C. Van Pelt, E. B. Milbrandt, L. Qin, L. A. Weissfeld, A. J. Rotondi, R. Schulz, L. Chelluri, D. C. Angus, and M. R. Pinsky Informal Caregiver Burden among Survivors of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2007; 175(2): 167 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. N. Gitlin, K. Reever, M. P. Dennis, E. Mathieu, and W. W. Hauck Enhancing quality of life of families who use adult day services: short- and long-term effects of the adult day services plus program. Gerontologist, October 1, 2006; 46(5): 630 - 639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Meltzer and J. A. Mindell Impact of a Child's Chronic Illness on Maternal Sleep and Daytime Functioning. Arch Intern Med, September 18, 2006; 166(16): 1749 - 1755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. Amirkhanyan and D. A. Wolf Parent care and the stress process: findings from panel data. J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., September 1, 2006; 61(5): S248 - S255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. G. Austrom, C. Hartwell, P. Moore, A. J. Perkins, T. Damush, F. W. Unverzagt, M. Boustani, H. C. Hendrie, and C. M. Callahan An integrated model of comprehensive care for people with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers in a primary care setting Dementia, August 1, 2006; 5(3): 339 - 352. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. Chene Dementia and Residential Placement: A View from the Carers' Perspective Qualitative Social Work, June 1, 2006; 5(2): 187 - 215. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. K. Pavalko and K. A. Henderson Combining Care Work and Paid Work: Do Workplace Policies Make a Difference? Research on Aging, May 1, 2006; 28(3): 359 - 374. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Corey-Bloom, R. Yaari, and D. Weisman Managing patients with Alzheimer's disease Practical Neurology, April 1, 2006; 6(2): 78 - 89. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Schacke and S. R. Zank Measuring the Effectiveness of Adult Day Care as a Facility to Support Family Caregivers of Dementia Patients Journal of Applied Gerontology, February 1, 2006; 25(1): 65 - 81. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. L. Bank, S. Arguelles, M. Rubert, C. Eisdorfer, and S. J. Czaja The Value of Telephone Support Groups Among Ethnically Diverse Caregivers of Persons With Dementia Gerontologist, February 1, 2006; 46(1): 134 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Beauchamp, A. B. Irvine, J. Seeley, and B. Johnson Worksite-Based Internet Multimedia Program for Family Caregivers of Persons With Dementia Gerontologist, December 1, 2005; 45(6): 793 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M. Skrotzki, M. van den Akker, A. D. Kester, and F. Buntinx Increased mortality in partners of female myocardial infarction patients Fam. Pract., December 1, 2005; 22(6): 583 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. C. Valentino and S. M. Bulmer Using cognitive mapping to explore women caregivers' experiences American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, November 1, 2005; 20(6): 331 - 339. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. B. Adams, K. A. Smyth, and M. J. McClendon Psychosocial Resources as Moderators of the Impact of Spousal Dementia Caregiving on Depression Journal of Applied Gerontology, November 1, 2005; 24(5): 475 - 489. [Abstract] [PDF]

				I. C. Williams Emotional Health of Black and White Dementia Caregivers: A Contextual Examination J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., November 1, 2005; 60(6): P287 - P295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Aschbacher, T. L. Patterson, R. von Kanel, J. E. Dimsdale, P. J. Mills, K. A. Adler, S. Ancoli-Israel, and I. Grant Coping Processes and Hemostatic Reactivity to Acute Stress in Dementia Caregivers Psychosom Med, November 1, 2005; 67(6): 964 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. H. Brummett, I. C. Siegler, W. M. Rohe, J. C. Barefoot, P. P. Vitaliano, R. S. Surwit, M. N. Feinglos, and R. B. Williams Neighborhood Characteristics Moderate Effects of Caregiving on Glucose Functioning Psychosom Med, September 1, 2005; 67(5): 752 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Yueh-Feng Lu and M. G. Austrom Distress Responses and Self-Care Behaviors in Dementia Family Caregivers With High and Low Depressed Mood Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, August 1, 2005; 11(4): 231 - 240. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. T. Mausbach, J. E. Dimsdale, M. G. Ziegler, P. J. Mills, S. Ancoli-Israel, T. L. Patterson, and I. Grant Depressive Symptoms Predict Norepinephrine Response to a Psychological Stressor Task in Alzheimer's Caregivers Psychosom Med, July 1, 2005; 67(4): 638 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Y. Savundranayagam, M. L. Hummert, and R. J. V. Montgomery Investigating the Effects of Communication Problems on Caregiver Burden J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., May 1, 2005; 60(1): S48 - S55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Ellis Cholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Dementia J Am Osteopath Assoc, March 1, 2005; 105(3): 145 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. G. Bruce, G. A. Paley, P. Nichols, D. Roberts, P. J. Underwood, and F. Schaper Physical Disability Contributes to Caregiver Stress in Dementia Caregivers J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2005; 60(3): 345 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Ducharme, L. Levesque, L. Lachance, F. Giroux, A. Legault, and M. Preville 'Taking Care of Myself': Efficacy of an intervention programme for caregivers of a relative with dementia living in a long-term care setting Dementia, February 1, 2005; 4(1): 23 - 47. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. A. Mjelde-Mossey, M. E. M. Barak, and B. G. Knight Coping Behaviors as Predictors of Drinking Practices among Primary in-Home Dementia Caregivers Journal of Applied Gerontology, September 1, 2004; 23(3): 295 - 308. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. J. McClendon, K. A. Smyth, and M. M. Neundorfer Survival of Persons With Alzheimer's Disease: Caregiver Coping Matters Gerontologist, August 1, 2004; 44(4): 508 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Cummings Alzheimer's Disease N. Engl. J. Med., July 1, 2004; 351(1): 56 - 67. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Sugihara, H. Sugisawa, Y. Nakatani, and G. W. Hougham Longitudinal Changes in the Well-Being of Japanese Caregivers: Variations Across Kin Relationships J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., July 1, 2004; 59(4): P177 - P184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. H. Zarit Family care and burden at the end of life Can. Med. Assoc. J., June 8, 2004; 170(12): 1811 - 1812. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Mittelman, D. L. Roth, D. W. Coon, and W. E. Haley Sustained Benefit of Supportive Intervention for Depressive Symptoms in Caregivers of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2004; 161(5): 850 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Langa, M. A. Valenstein, A. M. Fendrick, M. U. Kabeto, and S. Vijan Extent and Cost of Informal Caregiving for Older Americans With Symptoms of Depression Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2004; 161(5): 857 - 863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Dilworth-Anderson, P. Y. Goodwin, and S. W. Williams Can Culture Help Explain the Physical Health Effects of Caregiving Over Time Among African American Caregivers? J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., May 1, 2004; 59(3): S138 - S145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Akkerman and S. K. Ostwald Reducing anxiety in Alzheimer's disease family caregivers: The effectiveness of a nine-week cognitive-behavioral intervention American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, March 1, 2004; 19(2): 117 - 123. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Im, S. H. Belle, R. Schulz, A. B. Mendelsohn, and L. Chelluri Prevalence and Outcomes of Caregiving After Prolonged ("=" BORDER="0"> 48 Hours) Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU Chest, February 1, 2004; 125(2): 597 - 606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Mittelman, D. L. Roth, W. E. Haley, and S. H. Zarit Effects of a Caregiver Intervention on Negative Caregiver Appraisals of Behavior Problems in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a Randomized Trial J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., January 1, 2004; 59(1): P27 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. Amirkhanyan and D. A. Wolf Caregiver Stress and Noncaregiver Stress: Exploring the Pathways of Psychiatric Morbidity Gerontologist, December 1, 2003; 43(6): 817 - 827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. W. Hepburn, M. Lewis, C. W. Sherman, and J. Tornatore The Savvy Caregiver Program: Developing and Testing a Transportable Dementia Family Caregiver Training Program Gerontologist, December 1, 2003; 43(6): 908 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Schulz, A. B. Mendelsohn, W. E. Haley, D. Mahoney, R. S. Allen, S. Zhang, L. Thompson, S. H. Belle, and the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver End-of-Life Care and the Effects of Bereavement on Family Caregivers of Persons with Dementia N. Engl. J. Med., November 13, 2003; 349(20): 1936 - 1942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Robinson, K. F. Kiesler, and S. W. Looney Effect of respite care training on the knowledge, attitude, and self-esteem of volunteer providers American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, November 1, 2003; 18(6): 375 - 382. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Lee, G. Colditz, L. Berkman, and I. Kawachi Caregiving to Children and Grandchildren and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women Am J Public Health, November 1, 2003; 93(11): 1939 - 1944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Farran, O. Paun, and M. H. Elliott Spirituality in Multicultural Caregivers of Persons with Dementia Dementia, October 1, 2003; 2(3): 353 - 377. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. Hinton, M. Haan, S. Geller, and D. Mungas Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Latino Elders With Dementia or Cognitive Impairment Without Dementia and Factors That Modify Their Association With Caregiver Depression Gerontologist, October 1, 2003; 43(5): 669 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. W. Coon, L. Thompson, A. Steffen, K. Sorocco, and D. Gallagher-Thompson Anger and Depression Management: Psychoeducational Skill Training Interventions for Women Caregivers of a Relative With Dementia Gerontologist, October 1, 2003; 43(5): 678 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Hartnick, C. Bissell, and S. K. Parsons The Impact of Pediatric Tracheotomy on Parental Caregiver Burden and Health Status Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, October 1, 2003; 129(10): 1065 - 1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Eisdorfer, S. J. Czaja, D. A. Loewenstein, M. P. Rubert, S. Arguelles, V. B. Mitrani, and J. Szapocznik The Effect of a Family Therapy and Technology-Based Intervention on Caregiver Depression Gerontologist, August 1, 2003; 43(4): 521 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. N. Gitlin, L. Winter, M. Corcoran, M. P. Dennis, S. Schinfeld, and W. W. Hauck Effects of the Home Environmental Skill-Building Program on the Caregiver-Care Recipient Dyad: 6-Month Outcomes From the Philadelphia REACH Initiative Gerontologist, August 1, 2003; 43(4): 532 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Burgio, A. Stevens, D. Guy, D. L. Roth, and W. E. Haley Impact of Two Psychosocial Interventions on White and African American Family Caregivers of Individuals With Dementia Gerontologist, August 1, 2003; 43(4): 568 - 579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Matteau, P. Landreville, L. Laplante, and C. Laplante Disruptive vocalizations: A means to communicate in dementia? American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, May 1, 2003; 18(3): 147 - 153. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Zank and C. Schacke Science Is A Matter of Cumulative Learning: Authors' Reply to the Commentary J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., May 1, 2003; 58(3): P197 - 199. [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. T. Grossberg and A. K. Desai Management of Alzheimer's Disease J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2003; 58(4): M331 - 353. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. C. Burton, B. Zdaniuk, R. Schulz, S. Jackson, and C. Hirsch Transitions in Spousal Caregiving Gerontologist, April 1, 2003; 43(2): 230 - 241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Pinquart and S. Sorensen Associations of Stressors and Uplifts of Caregiving With Caregiver Burden and Depressive Mood: A Meta-Analysis J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., March 1, 2003; 58(2): P112 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Gallagher-Thompson, N. Solano, D. Coon, and P. Arean Recruitment and Retention of Latino Dementia Family Caregivers in Intervention Research: Issues to Face, Lessons to Learn Gerontologist, February 1, 2003; 43(1): 45 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. F. Mahoney, R. N. Jones, D. W. Coon, A. B. Mendelsohn, L. N. Gitlin, and M. Ory The Caregiver Vigilance Scale: Application and validation in the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health (REACH) project American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, January 1, 2003; 18(1): 39 - 48. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Hebert, L. Levesque, J. Vezina, J.-P. Lavoie, F. Ducharme, C. Gendron, M. Preville, L. Voyer, and M.-F. Dubois Efficacy of a Psychoeducative Group Program for Caregivers of Demented Persons Living at Home: A Randomized Controlled Trial J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., January 1, 2003; 58(1): S58 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Oyebode Assessment of carers' psychological needs Adv. Psychiatr. Treat., January 1, 2003; 9(1): 45 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.L. Murman, Q. Chen, M.C. Powell, S.B. Kuo, C.J. Bradley, and C.C. Colenda The incremental direct costs associated with behavioral symptoms in AD Neurology, December 10, 2002; 59(11): 1721 - 1729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Langa, A. M. Fendrick, K. R. Flaherty, F. J. Martinez, M. U. Kabeto, and S. Saint Informal Caregiving for Chronic Lung Disease Among Older Americans Chest, December 1, 2002; 122(6): 2197 - 2203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. L. Chappell and R. C. Reid Burden and Well-Being Among Caregivers: Examining the Distinction Gerontologist, December 1, 2002; 42(6): 772 - 780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Fitzsimmons and L. L. Buettner Therapeutic recreation interventions for need-driven dementia-compromised American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, November 1, 2002; 17(6): 367 - 381. [Abstract] [PDF]

				W. E. HALEY, R. S. ALLEN, S. REYNOLDS, H. CHEN, A. BURTON, and D. GALLAGHER-THOMPSON Family Issues in End-of-life Decision Making and End-of-life Care American Behavioral Scientist, October 1, 2002; 46(2): 284 - 298. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Schulz, A. O'Brien, S. Czaja, M. Ory, R. Norris, L. M. Martire, S. H. Belle, L. Burgio, L. Gitlin, D. Coon, et al. Dementia Caregiver Intervention Research: In Search of Clinical Significance Gerontologist, October 1, 2002; 42(5): 589 - 602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Patterns and Health Effects of Caring for People With Dementia: The Impact of Changing Cognitive and Residential Status Gerontologist, October 1, 2002; 42(5): 643 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Hooker, S. R. Bowman, D. P. Coehlo, S. R. Lim, J. Kaye, R. Guariglia, and F. Li Behavioral Change in Persons With Dementia: Relationships With Mental and Physical Health of Caregivers J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., September 1, 2002; 57(5): P453 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Hepburn, M. L. Lewis, S. Narayan, J. B. Tornatore, K. L. Bremer, and C. W. Sherman Discourse-derived perspectives: Differentiating among spouses' experiences of caregiving American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, July 1, 2002; 17(4): 213 - 226. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. L. Hickenbottom, A. M. Fendrick, J. S. Kutcher, M. U. Kabeto, S. J. Katz, and K. M. Langa A national study of the quantity and cost of informal caregiving for the elderly with stroke Neurology, June 25, 2002; 58(12): 1754 - 1759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Lyons, S. H. Zarit, A. G. Sayer, and C. J. Whitlatch Caregiving as a Dyadic Process: Perspectives From Caregiver and Receiver J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., May 1, 2002; 57(3): P195 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Langa, S. Vijan, R. A. Hayward, M. E. Chernew, C. S. Blaum, M. U. Kabeto, D. R. Weir, S. J. Katz, R. J. Willis, and A. M. Fendrick Informal Caregiving for Diabetes and Diabetic Complications Among Elderly Americans J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., May 1, 2002; 57(3): S177 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Czaja and M. P. Rubert Telecommunications Technology as an Aid to Family Caregivers of Persons With Dementia Psychosom Med, May 1, 2002; 64(3): 469 - 476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Grant, K. A. Adler, T. L. Patterson, J. E. Dimsdale, M. G. Ziegler, and M. R. Irwin Health Consequences of Alzheimer's Caregiving Transitions: Effects of Placement and Bereavement Psychosom Med, May 1, 2002; 64(3): 477 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Dilworth-Anderson, I. C. Williams, and B. E. Gibson Issues of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Caregiving Research: A 20-Year Review (1980-2000) Gerontologist, April 1, 2002; 42(2): 237 - 272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. G. Pollock, B. H. Mulsant, J. Rosen, R. A. Sweet, S. Mazumdar, A. Bharucha, R. Marin, N. J. Jacob, K. A. Huber, K. B. Kastango, et al. Comparison of Citalopram, Perphenazine, and Placebo for the Acute Treatment of Psychosis and Behavioral Disturbances in Hospitalized, Demented Patients Am J Psychiatry, March 1, 2002; 159(3): 460 - 465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Stolley, D. Reed, and K. C. Buckwalter Caregiving appraisal and interventions based on the progressively lowered stress threshold model American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, March 1, 2002; 17(2): 110 - 120. [Abstract] [PDF]